Invention Funding How Inventors Raise Money

Before you get to market and sell your  new invention, youll likely need to raise some capital in order to fund the production, packaging, storage, shipment, and marketing costs for your product, which you can do through a variety of means including acquiring investors, taking out business loans, or applying to governmental and grant programs.   Although you can make a personal investment on your own invention, its often difficult to earn enough money to get a product off the ground—especially since most people find it hard to even cover base living expenses—so its imperative that you are able to seek financial help from investors, loans, grants, and governmental innovation programs. New inventors hoping to acquire lucrative business partnerships should always conduct themselves in an appropriate businesslike manner—an e-mail inquiry asking for financial support penned in an informal manner (full of grammar and spelling errors, etc.) will likely yield no response, but a professional e-mail, letter, or phone call will likely at least get a response. For more help getting your invention off the ground, you could also join a  local inventors  group to learn from those in your area who have already successfully created, marketed, and sold their own inventions—after raising money, finding backers, and getting a  patent  themselves. Find Grants, Loans, and Government Programs Many branches of the government give grants and loans to fund research and the development of inventions; however, these grants are often very specific as to what type of funding is given and what inventions can apply for federal aid. For example, the U.S. Department of Energy offers grants for the development of inventions that benefit the environment or can save energy while the U.S. Department of Small Business offers small business loans to get new companies off the ground. In either case, getting a grant or loan will require footwork, research, and a lengthy application process on your part. Additionally, you could apply for several  student innovation programs  and competitions where students can win prizes or a scholarship to pursue their inventions. There is even special  Canadian invention funding  available, which provides research money, grants, awards, venture capital, support groups, and Canadian government patent offices specifically geared toward Canadian citizens (and residents). Find an Investor: Venture Capital and Angel Investors Venture capital or VC is funding invested,  or available for investment, in an enterprise such as bringing an invention  that can be profitable (along with the possibility of loss) to an investor and the marketplace. Traditionally, venture capital is part of the second or third stage of financing for a business startup, which starts with the entrepreneur (inventor) putting their own available funding into a shoestring operation. Becoming an entrepreneur  is quite an undertaking as youll need to manufacture, market, advertise and distribute your own invention or  intellectual property. During the initial stage of financing, youll need to draft a  business plan  and invest your own capital into the product, then pitch your idea to the venture capitalists or angel investors who might want to invest. An angel investor or venture capitalist may be convinced to contribute funding. Generally, an angel investor is someone with spare funds that have some personal (family) or industry-related interest. Angel investors are sometimes said to invest emotional money, while venture capitalists are said to invest logical money—both are willing to help give the new enterprise a more solid footing. Once you secure financing, you will likely have to report back to these investors throughout the fiscal quarter and year to update your backers on how well their investment is doing. Although most small businesses are expected to lose money in the first one to five years, youll want to remain professional and positive (and realistic) about your earnings projections to keep your investors happy.

Homelessness The Homeless People Essay - 988 Words

Homelessness can be a temporary condition that people fall into in the United States when they cannot afford to pay for a place to live, or when their current home is unsafe or unstable. The estimated amount of homeless people in the United States is about 3 million. (National Alliance to end Homeless) In 2014, there are approximately 578,424 people in a single night that experience being homeless. In my opinion, the United States should have more shelters to help the homeless people instead of spending money on unnecessary things. The three main people groups that are affected by the homelessness are the unemployed, pregnant teens, and veterans. Homelessness affects the unemployment in several ways. Some people might become unemployed through substance abuse and housing. Substance abuse can play a significant role in a homeless in a person s life. When you are on drugs, you cannot function well on the job. You will eventually lose your job because the drugs will take over your mind and, so you may become homeless. If a homeless person fails a random drug test he or she will not get the job. â€Å"The National Coalition for the Homeless† highlight that substance abuse can be both the cause and consequence of homelessness. Many people may abuse drugs and alcohol after losing their homes. The data research was on January 28th of 2014 by Point in Time Survey in San Antonino, Texas. The top reason for homelessness or unemployment is the deprivation of a job by 48 percent inShow MoreRelatedHomelessness : Homeless People Are Homeless Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesFighting Homelessness Together â€Å"Homeless people are homeless because they are too lazy to pull themselves out of it.† Unfortunately, this type of misperception all too often creates negative attitudes when it comes to understanding homelessness. Admittedly, for some, homelessness is a lifestyle choice; however, the current system presents many barriers for many homeless people that desire a home, employment, and community. Since 2011, Houston has reduced its homeless population by 57 percent; butRead MoreHomelessness And Poverty : Homeless People1967 Words   |  8 Pages Seeing homelessness develop is a process that the older generation can say they have been apart of. The young generation, on the other hand, cannot say they have seen the development of homelessness. People who are thirty years old or younger have grown up believing that homelessness was always part of the landscape. The younger generation has come to believe that there have always been homeless people sitting on park benches. When an individual is asked what they see most in a large city likeRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless People Are Dirty, Uneducated, And Dangerous1584 Words   |  7 PagesMany people throughout the world look at homeless people negatively, and that is some thing they do not deserve. People automatically assume homeless people are dirty, uneducated, and dangerous, but this is not always true. Many homeless people are war veterans and need help to get their life back on track, but they are too scared and hated to seek it. The stereotypes associated with homeless people make many people shy away from helping them and that is one of the reasons why they are really sufferingRead MoreThe Homelessness : Why Should We Care About Homeless People?865 Words   |  4 PagesEnding Homelessness Why should we care about homeless people? That’s the kind of attitude you can witness that people have towards the homeless. Homelessness is a pretty common occurrence which might be a reason for people’s indifference towards it. People are unaware of the circumstances surrounding the homeless, which can lead them to believe their situation is like that because of their own personal choice. That is not entirely true and it’s an issue that should be addressed properly. EveryoneRead MoreAs we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles. Each year the population of homelessness600 Words   |  3 Pageslot of homeless people in Los Angeles. Each year the population of homelessness grows each day. Homelessness is an issue because it affects the community. The cause of people might be because the made a bad choice and at the end they regret it. After being homeless, they can imagine having a great job or career, owing a house and their own property they want t o have wealthy lives again like they had before being homeless. Homeless people wanted to bring back their lives as one piece. People who haveRead MoreHomelessness is increasing every year and about a quarter of all homeless people suffer from mental600 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness is increasing every year and about a quarter of all homeless people suffer from mental health issues. In Lars Eighner â€Å"On Dumpster Diving† he explains what he went through on a daily basis while being homeless. He describes how and what foods you should look for and to always be conscious of what you are getting because there is always a reason why something was thrown out. He continues to go into detail about other items that can be found in the dumpster like sheet and papers. ThingsRead MoreHealth Issues Among The Homeless Population1450 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss current health issues among the homeless population. The paper will also explore the reasons behind homelessness and the society’s perception. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless an individual experiencing homelessness fall into one of the three categories such as, chronic, transitional or episodic homelessness. Medicine or treatment for homeless individuals seeking medical attention, are not as accessible compared to non-homeless individuals due to the culture and roughRead MoreWhat Can Be Done to Help the Homeless? Essay583 Words   |  3 Pagesthan there are homeless people (Truthdig)? That’s right, homeless people are sleeping and living on the streets, unknowing of the hundreds upon thousands of empty homes they could be occupying! But alas, they sleep on the streets, beg for money, and scavenge for food in dumpsters, hoping for a way to pull through for the night. Homelessness is important because there are 3.5 million homeless people on the streets, maybe even more (National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness). They areRead MoreHomelessness Is A Serious Problem1031 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness is a serious problem in our society. So many people of all ages and backgrounds are out on the streets. In the article â€Å"Overview of Homelessness In America† it says that in the U.S. there are more than 3.5 million people that are homeless sometime during the year. This number is extremely high. We cannot ignore it anymore, and it needs to be reduced. Although we already have homeless shelters, they are not able to get everyone off the streets; thus, it would be better to build smallRead MoreHomeless in The United States 1309 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is a problem that happens in many different countries around the world. Definitions of homelessness are defined in different meanings by different people. Howe ver, the Stewart B. McKinney Act defines a homeless person as â€Å" one who lacks a fixed permanent nighttime residence or whose nighttime residence is a temporary shelter, welfare hotel, or any public or private place not designed as sleeping accommodations for human beings† (McNamara 1025). It is impossible to find out exactly the

Short Speech Free Essays

How to be a Successful Sportsman Our government has always emphasized on the importance of sports. Our sportsmen have gone for overseas competitions. Sad to say, however, our athletes did not bring back any medals in the recently concluded World Olympics. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now To be a good sportsman, one must have balanced meals. It means that he should have a balanced diet of protein, carbohydrate and vitamins. He should not eat too much meat, neither should he eat too much fatty foods. Second, he must have enough sleep and rest. Eight hours of sleep per day is a must. He should not over-strain himself. Listening to music is one good way of relaxing. Third, a good sportsman must have regular training. If he is not consistent, he is bound to be lag behind. This requires discipline on the part of the sportsman himself. One good reminder is ‘come rain or shine, he must go to the field’, and sweats it out. Finally, an excellent sportsman must have an excellent coach. A good coach will plan ahead for him and advise him on some strategic points and impart to him the required skill to excel. So keep your finger crossed, sportsmen, you can still make it. (197 words) My best friend A best friend is the first person who comes in when, out of the door, the whole world has gone. A best friend is one who loves the truth and you, and will tell the truth in spite of you. There are lots of people who you make friendship with, but it is very hard to find a true and honest friend. But I am very lucky that I have a best friend with whom I can share my feelings and divide grief with. His name is Thaqif. He is very friendly, and I am very happy to have him as my best friend. He is very well respectful, hardworking, and an honest person. Thaqif has all those friendly habits that we seek in a friend such as friendly behavior and respectfulness. Finally, Thaqif is very honest friend. He is very well mannered and organized person. He loves the truth and hate lying. Beyond that if he make any mistakes, he tries to solve the mistake. In conclusion, Thaqif is very friendly and well organized person. He loves the people who speak truth and to be successful in life he is working very hard. And I am very happy to have him as my best friend! 206 words) †How to Protect the Environment† Good evening sir and friends, I would like to talk about†How to Protect the Environment† First of all, each one of us can start by not littering. We should throw our rubbish into the rubbish bin instead of anywhere we like. Another way of protecting our environment is by keeping our rivers clean. We can play our role by not throwing rubbish into the rivers. Mea nwhile the factories can stop dumping their toxic waste into them. Moreover, farmers should avoid open burning in their farming practice because it pollutes the air. Finally, we can practice the 3R; Reuse, Reduce and Recycle. Every household should aim at reducing the amount of rubbish thrown. If â€Å"Reuse, Reduce and Recycle† are put into practice, the amount of rubbish thrown and the amount of energy used to produce some of the recyclable items can indeed be reduced. Clearly, each one of us can contribute towards the conservation of our environment and our efforts should be continuous. Protecting our environment means ensuring the existence of our future generation. With that, thank you. (176 words) How to cite Short Speech, Papers

Chief and McMurphy Sample Essay Example For Students

Chief and McMurphy Sample Essay Milos Foreman’s movie One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest was developed from Ken Kesey’s novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest. The film writers of the movie are Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman. In One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest Chief and McMurphy develop a close relationship during the escape scene. while in the ward during and after the fad with Cheswick desiring the coffin nails. and the concluding scene. First of all. Chief is a colossal. Native American patient who pretends to be deaf. and is in the mental ward where McMurphy is sent. McMurphy is a Korean War POW who has been sent to the ward because he pretended to be brainsick to function the remainder of his prison sentence in the ward and non prison. In the scene where McMurphy escapes there is ab initio a stopping point up shooting of McMurphy through the ward gate screening that he is trapped in the ward. Then there is a shooting from medium scope demoing McMurphy seeking to get away while mounting on Chief’s shoulders to acquire to the top of the gate to get away. Following that there is a joust shooting where McMurphy is being tracked as he climbs the fencing and leaps to the land from the tree merely outside the gate. McMurphy so decides to remain and take those out who don’t have to remain on the ward evidences all twenty-four hours long. Second. Chief and McMurphy’s relationship is further developed in the scene when Cheswick asks Nurse Ratched what has happened to their coffin nails. This scene starts with a meeting amongst all the patients and Cheswick keeps disrupting Nurse Ratched. while traveling brainsick and desiring to cognize what happened to their coffin nails. There are many rearward shootings while Nurse Ratched and Cheswick are discoursing what happened to the patients’ cigarettes. The scene eventually starts acquiring helter-skelter when Harding’s coffin nail is being thrown around amongst all the patients in the ward and stoping up in Max Taber’s pant leg. The coffin nail ends up firing a hole through his pant leg and firing his mortise joint. While all this lunacy is traveling on. McMurphy clouts and shatters the nursing station window and gets Cheswick his coffin nails to acquire him to halt shouting. McMurphy so attacks Washington and is temporarily keeping McMurphy until Chief stairss in and protects McMurphy. After the guards restrain Chief and McMurphy. Chief is brought into another subdivision of the ward where McMurphy is already waiting. McMurphy later offers Chief a piece of gum where Chief responds by stating â€Å"Juicy Fruit† ( Foreman ) uncovering to McMurphy. the fact that he is non deaf. Finally in the shutting scene McMurphy is seen being brought back to bed through a point of position shooting through the eyes of Chief every bit good as a contrary shooting exposing Chief’s reaction to seeing McMurphy being brought back following McMurphy’s leukotomy. McMurphy was given the leukotomy after his 2nd clip get awaying the ward. this clip nevertheless he didn’t take everyone with him. Chief so realizes that McMurphy is a vegetable and can non travel about making anything any longer. At this point Chief decides to kill McMurphy so he doesn’t have to populate following the operation by strangulating him by puting a pillow over McMurphy’s face and choking him to decease. After Chief slayings McMurphy. he goes into the washroom and deracinate the marble counter in the room and hurtle it into the window. which causes it to shatter and open up so Chief can get away. In the concluding shooting of the movie. there is a long shooting of Chief ru nning off from the ward. In this shooting all you see is Chief’s white bloomerss as he is running into the wilderness. This shooting of Chief running into the wilderness is a reversal of functions between McMurphy and Chief. In the gap scene McMurphy is being brought into the ward through a trailing shooting where you see a auto and the headlamps of the auto. The white bloomerss of Chief go forthing straight resembles the reaching of McMurphy. .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 , .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 .postImageUrl , .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 , .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12:hover , .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12:visited , .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12:active { border:0!important; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12:active , .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12 .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41b8afc515cde68c088dfb36e164ec12:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Justinian I EssayIn decision. McMurphy and Chief develop a strong bond throughout Milos Foreman’s image One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest through Chief’s assistance of assisting McMurphy flight. Chief disclosure that he is non dense or deaf to McMurphy. and the murder of McMurphy. Chief helps McMurphy clear the gate so McMurphy can take the others out angling for the twenty-four hours. Chief saves McMurphy from farther penalty from the guards and speaks to McMurphy. Besides. Chief slayings McMurphy so he no longer has to endure and get away from the ward.

Niche vs Multipurpose Themes - Which One Is Best for Your Project

Sidebars, widgets, themes, plugins, categories, tags, permalinks   seeing all these terms can cause a headache if youre a beginner. Sure, these terms sound cool, their meanings are obvious to  developers, and it seems that WordPress wouldnt have the same exponential expansion without those.  (I dare to say that even Big Bang is a little bit jealous about  WordPress expansion.)This is a guest contribution by Daniel Pintilie.Anyway, another two terms that might cause some head scratching are, niche and multipurpose when talking about WordPress themes.What are those?In this post, I  will clarify this, and also try answering the question of which is best for your project, a niche or a multipurpose theme? Its useless to mention how important a theme for the overall success of a website is. And since we did publish a post about how to install plugins and  how to choose a proper host,  it therefore makes sense to provide you with some valuable tips for selecting the right them e too.Niche WordPress themesThe barrier between niche and multipurpose themes isnt set in stone, and there arent criteria to make a clear distinction between niche and multipurpose ones.That being said, a niche theme is aimed to be used for a specific field there are niche themes for churches, charity projects, schools, DJs, events, etc. These themes ship with features that are useful mostly for their respective kind of project. Wrapping up, a niche theme should be used mostly if not only   for a specific purpose. Nothing more, nothing less.For instance, just looking into ThemeIsles library,  LawyeriaX is a theme  destined for attorneys, while Woga  is meant for yoga instructors and gyms. Both themes come packed with features, but I dont recommend using them for other purposes then the ones recommended by the developers (although it is only my personal opinion).Then, there are some slightly bigger themes that can still be labeled  niche, but actually offer a more extensi ve set of characteristics:FlyMag Pro is a great example in this regard; its primary market  is magazine and news-like sites. Still, it can  be successfully used for other blogging purposes too.  I like  to call these kinds of themes multi-niche.Multipurpose WordPress themesThe name is quite self-explanatory in itself. These themes can fit any kind of project: blogs, magazine news, portfolios, business projects, online shops, etc.Zelle Pro is a multipurpose theme of ThemeIsles that has made its mark on the web, and is now valued by thousands of users.Another example,  Divi is the Elegant Themes flagship theme, and its one of the most used WordPress themes out there. Lastly,  Avada, another multipurpose theme, has been trusted  by almost 250,000 customers so far.Under the hood,  these themes dont miss any particular feature; you have at your disposal everything to create a wonderful WordPress website! Without any doubt, these multipurpose themes are some of the most ad vanced tools allowing you to create websites without writing a line of code.Which is better? Niche or multipurpose WordPress themesI hope that you have a better understanding of what the differences between  niche and multipurpose themes are. Now lets look into which is going to be better for your specific project:First off, I hate answers that begin with it depends on, but in this case, the context and the purpose of the website has a major role. Youve guessed it, I dont have a general solution for this dilemma! However, there are some tips for choosing the proper theme depending on some criteria:1. The type and the complexity of the websiteSelecting a niche or a multipurpose theme hinges on the type and the complexity of the project. If you want to develop a huge website with lots of options then you should go for a multipurpose theme.On the other hand, if you want a decent website just to let people know that you and your business are online then a simple niche theme can be bet ter (if theres one for your particular niche).For instance, if you want to launch a web design blog, you should go for a multipurpose theme. With time, you might want to add sections to present your best works and/or to sell courses, works, or various  kinds of services. In other words, your blog may transform into a portfolio or an online store.2. The user skillsAnother thing to look at is your own level of confidence when customizing a theme and making it work.If you find yourself more on the beginner side of the spectrum then a niche theme is going to be better for you. They are usually much easier to get going, and dont offer too many unneeded options.For slightly more experienced users, multipurpose might be better.  Some of those themes are more complex, and might put some users in trouble. But all of them come with reliable support, and the WordPress community is truly helpful.3. The time invested into the pre-launch phaseAnother important factor to take into account in t he dilemma of niche vs. multipurpose is the investment itself.Setting up a WordPress website is a serious task, and it calls for a decent investment of time. Even the most experienced WordPress users spend time to check all the features of a theme before launching it online.Usually, a niche theme comes with fewer options, and it implies a shorter period of time invested in the customization work. On the average, niche themes also have fewer sales than multipurpose themes, so the risk of looking similar to other websites is pretty low.A multipurpose theme requires more work to set it up, as there are more features. Also, the risk of looking similar to other websites is higher than in the case of niche themes.At the end of the day, though, the countless features give you the ability to create stunning creations.Wrapping up, you should have a clear plan when launching a new website. And once all the steps of this plan are correctly done, you will have your answer you will know whether you should go with a niche theme or a multipurpose one.My personal advice: read this blog post carefully, take all the tips into account, and think hard on what kind of website you want to launch, what your resources are, time, etc. Once you have all these clearly determined, read it even once again. Then decide.What do you think, are niche themes better? Or not?About the author: Daniel Pintilie is a blogger Internet marketer ready to create valuable, actionable and interesting content for your website. He is in love with WordPress and Internet Marketing. You can get in touch with him by visiting his portfolio Daniel2Writing.com.Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips. * This post contains affiliate links, which means that if you click on one of the product links and then purchase the product, well receive a small fee. No worries though, youll still pay the standard amount so theres no cost on your part.

Fun Facts About Thresher Sharks

Fun Facts About Thresher Sharks Are you ready to learn a few thresher shark facts? There are several to share about this popular type of shark. The most notable feature of thresher shark is the long, whip-like upper lobe of their tail, which is known as the caudal fin. In total, there are three species of thresher sharks: The common thresher (Alopias vulpinus), pelagic thresher (Alopias pelagicus) and the bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus). What a Thresher Shark Looks Like Thresher sharks have big eyes, a small mouth, large pectoral fins, first dorsal fin, and pelvic fins. They have a small second dorsal fin (near their tail) and anal fins. Their most noticeable characteristic, as noted above, is that the top lobe of their tail is unusually long and whip-like. This tail may be used to herd and stun small fish, upon which it preys. Depending on the species, thresher sharks may be gray, blue, brown, or purplish. They have light gray to white coloring below their pectoral fins. They can grow to a maximum of about 20 feet in length. These sharks are sometimes seen jumping out of the water and may be confused with other marine mammals. Classifying the Thresher Shark Here is how the thresher shark is scientifically classified: Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ChondrichthyesSubclass: ElasmobranchiiOrder: LamniformesFamily: AlopiidaeGenus: AlopiasSpecies: vulpinus, pelagicus or superciliosus More Thresher Shark Facts A few more fun facts about thresher sharks include the following: Thresher sharks are widely distributed across the worlds temperate and subtropical oceans.Thresher sharks eat schooling fish, cephalopods, and sometimes crabs and shrimp.Thresher sharks reproduce each year and are ovoviviparous, meaning that eggs develop inside the mothers body, but the young are not attached by a placenta. The embryos feed on eggs in the uterus. After nine months of gestation, females give birth to two to seven live young who are three to five feet long at birth.According to the International Shark Attack File, thresher sharks are not commonly involved in shark attacks.NOAA estimates that populations of Pacific thresher sharks are above target levels, but lists the status of common threshers in the Atlantic as unknown.Thresher sharks may be caught as bycatch and hunted recreationally.According to the Florida Museum of Natural History, thresher shark meat and fins are valuable, their skin can be made into leather and the oil in their liver can be used for vitamins. Sources: Compagno, L., Dando, M. and S. Fowler. 2005. Sharks of the World. Princeton University Press.Jordan, Vaness. Thresher Shark (Online). Florida Museum of Natural History Icthyology Department. Accessed August 8, 2011.NOAA. 2011. FishWatch: Atlantic Common Thresher Shark (Online). NOAA. Accessed August 8, 2011.NOAA. 2011. FishWatch: Pacific Common Thresher Shark (Online). NOAA. Accessed August 8, 2011.World Register of Marine Species. 2011. Thresher Shark Species List. Accessed August 8, 2011.

Mathematics.Games for drill and practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mathematics.Games for drill and practice - Essay Example Since 1989, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics has developed standards for Mathematics in the schools. Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 12 are included in these standards that relate to instruction, classroom materials, and student evaluation.The NCTM standards are more specific and detailed models of teaching procedures. The NCTM standards describe specific ways base ten blocks and other manipulative can be used to help students understand the certain concepts within the standards. In this essay four different activities are described.In this particular game each student begins with 20 fish out of water. Each player rolls a die and counts out that many fish to return to the fish bowl. The first player to return all 20 of his/her fish to the bowl wins the game. The materials used are foam fish cutouts and a plastic bowl for a more realistic version of the game or download the directions, game mat and center icons for Fish out of Water.This game is designed especially for t he pre-kindergarten kids who are very new to numbers and help children understand basic number concepts thus helping them to develop the number sense of basic counting. Also, the activity enhances the kid's ability to recognize the numbers better and remember them for a longer period of time.The set of instructions given for this game are very simple and easy to comprehend for the kids who are just learning to recognize the numbers. For example the instructor can show a video of the activity and then play with the help of the instructor and finally let them play on their own. The second activity is called Addition Top-It: This game can be played by two to three players and the materials required are: a set of number cards with four cards each of the numbers 0-10, a penny which is optional in the game. A player shuffles the cards and places the deck number-side down on the playing surface. Each player turns over two cards and calls out their sum. The player with the highest sum wins the round and takes all the cards. In the case of a tie, each player turns over two more cards and calls out their sum. The player with the highest sum then takes all the cards from both plays. Play ends when not enough cards are left for each player to have another turn. The player with the most cards wins the game. There is an option available with the game which allows the children to toss a penny to determine whether the player with the most or the fewest cards wins. The other variations are also available with this game are as follows: 1. Use a set of double-nine dominoes instead of a set of number cards to generate addition problems then place the dominoes facedown on the playing surface. Each player turns over a domino and calls out the sum of the dots on the two halves. The winner of a round takes all the dominoes then in play. 2. To practice addition with three addends, use three cards and play the same as described above. This game is suited for the students in grade one where they begin to learn the basic concept of addition, subtraction, multiplication etc. The number sense that the player is the addition of numbers which is the second step after the children can recognize the basic numbers and are ready to do more complex activities with the numbers. Also, by practicing these kind of exercises skills like calculator skills, money exchange and shopping skills, logic, geometric intuition, and intuition about probability and chance because many games involve numbers that are generated randomly are reinforced within the children. The instructions given at this level are easy and simple and also less as compared to the instructions given for the first activity as the understanding of the children increase. For example the teacher can display the video of the game and then allow them to take drills of the activity according to the comfort of the students like practicing it during breaks or

To what extent was Russia responsible for the July Crisis in 1914 Research Paper

To what extent was Russia responsible for the July Crisis in 1914 - Research Paper Example In the Germany army, model for all others, a conscript spent the first two years of fill adulthood in uniform, effectively imprisoned in barracks. The French organized into twenty military districts, comprising four or five departments. The Germans also divided into twenty-one Corps Districts. The Russian military organization resembled Germany’s, as did that of Austria-Hungry who produced Europe’s most complex army. There was central uniformity to each of their organization. Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungry all felt its position threatened in some way or other. The three great European empires, German, Austrian, and Russian, felt threatened by the national dissatisfactions of their minorities. The Germans deeply resented their lack of colonies, sought to extend the few they had acquired in Africa and the Pacific and were ready to quarrel, particularly with France, over influence in the few remaining areas not yet subject to European rule.1 All Europe an armies by 1904 had military plans, notable in most cases for their inflexibility. The First World War was the true turning point of the twentieth century. It brought down dynasties and empires. It made The Second World War inevitable and the set the stage for the Cold War. In hind-sight the events that led to World War I seem foolish misunderstandings yet, while there were some moderating voices on the continent, most were not ready to listen to reason. Above all, it was national pride, a genuine lack of understanding of each other’s national positions and miscalculations that caused World War I. The mood in each of the major countries at the time was quite different. Pre-war Germany was bursting with vigor and bulging with material success. Over all reined the Army with its discipline and high standards of professional conduct.2 The German people felt they needed and deserved an acknowledged supremacy like that of the British. The French yearned for the regaining of the A lsace-Lorraine region, lost after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Many believed the army was the means of restoring the national glory.3 In European forums, Russia would listen to the arguments on behalf of the balance of power but did not always abide by agreements made. Russia expected Europe to look the other way and felt hurt when it did not.4 England had no choice but to resist Germany who was already in possession of the strongest army in Europe and who began aiming for parity with Great Britain on the seas.5 By 1914 Austria-Hungary main foreign policy goals were to gain land in the Balkans at the expense of Turkey and to prevent the growth of South Slav nationalism undermining her Empire.6 In some degree, each of the major powers had something to gain from war. For Germany and Austria-Hungary there was a lot to be gained by war. The establishment of a position on the Continent that would enable them to compete on equal terms with England and attain the status of world power was perhaps Germany’s top goal.7 Austria saw it a way to gain territory and to stop her decline. In Russia, the ambitions for Balkan expansion and the recovery of Constantinople loomed great. As for France, a successful war would certainly remove a major threat to their security.8 Britain came to two conclusions though. The first was that if France and Russia defeated Germany unaided, the

History 1492-1860 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History 1492-1860 - Research Paper Example The event is significant in history because it shows that the United States was not always a cohesive country. Surprisingly few changes occured after the massacre took place, and not many people were even punished even in the larger conflict. In fact, there is still some controversy over exactly what went on, and exactly who was involved, to this very day. To really understand what happened during the Mountain Meadows Massacre, it is necessary to get a clear view of what was going on otherwise in Utah at the time it occurred The massacre was not just some random act, but one that was caused by many circumstances. It was set within the period of the Utah War, which was an "armed confrontation over power and authority during 1857–58 between the civil-religious leadership of Utah Territory, led by Governor Brigham Young, and the administration of President James Buchanan."1 This conflict itself had been caused by tensions between Mormon and non-Mormon Americans. Non-Mormons thought that the Mormons were heretics, while Mormons felt they were being unfairly criticized because of their correct religious beliefs. These two circumstances led to "a cultural clash between themselves and their neighbors ... and Mormons attempting to defend themselves or strike back before being overwhelmed in a still larger wave of violence."2 Some other reasons for the conflict include incompetence on the behalf of both President Buchanan and Governor Brigham Young, who was also the supreme leader of the Mormon Church. Buchanan "new shockingly little in 1857 about either conditions in Utah or Brigham Youngs likely reaction to his removal as governor" and also made bad choices about who he put in charge of the situation.3 Young, on the other hand, exaggerated things a lot, and his "hostile, violent rhetoric as governor" very quickly created the sort of environment where Mormon settlers who looked to

MAXXI National Museum Architecture

MAXXI National Museum Architecture MAXXI MUSEUM ­Ã‚ ­   Ã‚   Contemporary Architecture This report will focus on MAXXI National Museum and it will provide a comprehensive review of Contemporary museum architecture (built in Rome in 2009), designed by the Zaha Hadid Architects. As it was said in â€Å"Museums in the 21st Century†, there is no doubt to say that museum architecture seeks it’s development through the periods, divided into pre- and post-Bilbao eras. Bilbaos buildings are a variety of architectural styles, ranging from gothic to contemporary architecture like Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (build in Spain in 1997) which gives the begging of contemporary Bilbao movement. Rome has no obligation to turn itself into a trendy modern city; its glory rests on the achievements of antiquity, the Renaissance, and the Baroque. In mid1990’s a new policy in Rome for ’the promotion of contemporary architecture’ has tried to change the architectural understatement by its city governments, policy with different aspects, views and cultural activi ties, with willingness for novelty. The foundation of the Maxi Museum was followed by international design competition combining all the new prospects. Hadid’s proposal is an impressive urban sculpture with dynamic and indefinite exhibition space. To construct this essay, and prove that MAXXI museum is an example of Modernism various sources have been researched. Therefore, its consistency includes Architectural concept and urban strategy, space vs object, Institutional Catalyst and Contemporary Spatiality. The essay was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via books â€Å"Lubetkin Tecton: An architectural study† by Yoshio Malcolm Reading Peter Coe (1992) , â€Å"Frank O. Gehry: The complete works† by Francesco Dal Co Kurt W. Foster (1998) ,and the following articles â€Å"MAXXI Museum in Rome by Zaha Hadid Architects wins the RIBA Starling Prize 2010† by Levent Ozler, â€Å" Zaha Hadids MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Art s† by Zaha Hadid Architects,† Starling Prize 2010 Goes to Zaha Hadid’s MAXXI Museum in Rome† (unknown author). The early architectural modernism was indeed sudden break with tradition. Raise the banner of artistic simplification and geometrization, advanced substantiate this aesthetic slogan, ethical and political. The technique had become progressive character, and the machine a metaphor.In the history of the foundation of modernism role has Berthold Lubetkin along with Le Coubusier second- generation well-known modernist. In 1932, Lubetkin formed the Tecton partnership including Gofrey Samuel,Sir Herbert ,Michael Dugdale ,Valentine Harding and Anthony Chitty . Main years of work for Tecton partnership were the period from 1932 till the outburst of the Second world war, and their work can be categorized in four departments: Apartments in north London, the work for Finsbury Borough Council, The zoo work and house projects. One of the picturesque projects commissioned to build after earned reputation from the designed Regen’s park (built in London, 1978) and Whipsnade zoo (built in Whi psnade in 1931) was Dudley Zoo. Its location is outside Birmingham, in town called Dudley opened in May 1937.The geometric character of building consisted twelve animal enclosures which despite the different functions of the buildings they formed relationship based on close connection between them which was an early modernist example in England. In another hand on the official page of MAXXI museum Zaha Hadid commented that â€Å"the museum should not be seen as an object, but as a field of buildings†. Another way to support the touch of modernism is connected with the concrete walls in Kiosks, smallest buildings in the zoo. Concrete is material typical for this period, and the same construction techniques are used in Maxxi museum. In that way is proven that Maxxi museum was part of the Modern movement (modernism). Another modernist for this period is half American half Canadian architect Frank Gehry. Among the well-known work of him is (built in Spain in 1997). The projected was funded and owned by Basque Country Administration, presenting good access for trade business. The internal organizations of the spaces are distributed in three floors. The central court of the building serves as unit point, with open view to the city. Different art galleries fill the spaces with purpose to expose temporary exhibitions, permanent exhibitions and art from living artist.The material for the exterior curved walls of the building is limestone and for interior is used plaster. Natural light is captured via skylights with the help of shades control during the day. And as Frank Gehry says for the unconsciously made curved walls the randomness of the curves are designed to catch the light. With this citation it is suggested that engineers along with the architect used scientific knowledge, one of the typical c haracteristics for modernism. In Maxxi museum the fluid and sinuous shapes, the variety and interweaving of spaces and the modulated use of natural light is leading to functional framework. By measuring all these important aspect in order to have this result and let the light to come into the building they highlight the function. Therefore MAXXI museum it was also used scientific knowledge. Once it was said by Frank Lloyd Wrights that the perception â€Å"form follows function† implies the believes that it is design serve to its function. According to arcspace.com the main design idea of Maxi museum it is conected to the use of the building exhibition space for visual arts. Maxi museum walls crossing area and their interfaces define the interior halls of the museum and exterior.Because of the geometric abstraction in Maxxi museum â€Å"Form follows function†, we reach another characteristic of modernism. Modernism introduces the concept of truth to materials which states that the building materials should be exposed rather than hidden and situated in the appropriate place. An example of this is statement is Maxxi museum. With its limited range of materials, such as the walls of exposed concrete or gray flooring using its shortcomings, it is constructed a sequence. On second floor and third, the touch of daylight can be sense over the glass roof supported by steel struts. They possess a mechanism that helps for the exhibition of paintings and sculptures which are not mounted to the floor. In that why Maxxi museum is modernist building. Another architect of the modernism movement was Oscar Niemeyer. After his individual development in architecture and a series of projects in the city Belo Horizonte, he began to feel passion for oval shapes which links with his homeland, rivers and even woman’s body shape and concrete as a material for construction. The same materials are used in Maxxi museum, another good reason to support the evidence of Contemporary architecture. Exposed concrete and glass we can see in Peter Behrens building called AEG. Wassily Kandinsky was a Russian painter, who worked mainly in Germany and France. Kandinsky is expressionist and proclaimed himself for creator of the first abstract painting, despite concerns that it dates back to deliberate with an earlier date. His first works were abstract watercolor. His work in life passes through three stages: impression of external nature, improvisation and works compositions. Wassily works and lived initially in Munich and later in Russia, but because the conditions of Russian Communism the censorship of totalitarian regime was forced to emigrate. First assume teaching at the Bauhaus in Germany, after the closure of the school by the Nazis escaped to Paris. In 1933 by the National Kandinsky taught in Weimar, Dessau and Berlin, where he met with Russian constructivism. At that time, the geometry acquired superiority in his art. Forms which are reminding of microorganisms, but always depicting inner life of the Wassily. He used an unordinary color compositio ns imitating Slavic folklore. And mix sand with dyes to impart roughness colors. Accordingly to theguardian.com it mentions that Maxxi museum has different varieties of colors, such as: grey, black, white and wide range of cream mixtures of the exposed concrete. Our attention is grabbed, from the red abstract elements from the ceiling ,positioned in order to show the contemporary character of the building through color .Respectively of Wissily Kandinsky color theory based on abstract elements and forms ,we have proven our claim. Modernism is period with highly advanced technological development .It categorizes the exposure of the structure, that’s why it could be called the period of Structural Expressionism. Hi-tech architecture creates new visual ideas, and the admiration for economical building constructions led to poor manufacturing quality. During the eighties it was difficult to differentiate this technological improvement from post–modern architecture. This is exemplified in the work undertaken by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, Centre Pompidou. As it was mention in archdaily one of the main design concept ideas was the typically structural uncovering for modernism. The building was dived with the help of color coding .Using this system it could be easily recognized the different components or area of the building. For example electrical mechanism was colored in orange and yellow, structures and stairs were painted in grey .In maxi museum we have exposure of staircase too, which led agai n to the thought that Maxi museum is modernist building. Le Corbusier is a French architect and it was born in Switzerland. He formulated his five principles of modern architecture, in which he remains faithful to the end of his life. The first principle is connected with columns it separates the house from the ground through several supporting columns. The second principle is garden he also uses gardens on the roof of buildings. The third principle is a small number of load-bearing walls. The fourth principle is widely glazing and the last fifth principle is free facade exterior walls free from their load-bearing function. And based on those five point principles he adjusted one of his projects: Villa Savoye which has big influence over the modernism. With open plan and sequence of ramps, he dares the residents to go through the spaces constantly. In Maxxi museum the visitor are invited to enter into a series of continuous spaces, rather than the compact volume of an isolated building. So in both cases we have a unified space. Conclusion: To sum up, the main goal of the essay was to determine and explain why Maxxi museum is contemporary building. Based on several perceptions typical for modernism, it was proven accordingly to the concept â€Å"Form follows function, Truth to materials, unhidden structures and scientific knowledge. Maxi is a museum with numerous volumes and extension of lines, without center point, representing the circulation of images and ideas. Building is seen as a second skin of the city, responding to the environment, the building is seen as artistic s stretching drawing over the marvelous landscape.

Nursing Diagnosis Essay -- Clinical Reasoning Cycle

J.P., a 58 year old female, presents to the Emergency Room on March 18th. She has a past medical history of cervical cancer, atheroembolism of the left lower extremity, fistula of the vagina, peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, glaucoma, GERD, depression, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and sickle cell anemia. She complains of right lower extremity pain accompanied by fatigue, a decreased appetite, increased work of breathing, burning on urination, and decreased urine output for three days. On admission, a complete physical assessment was performed along with a blood and metabolic panel. The assessment revealed many positive and negative findings. J.P. was positive for dyspnea and a productive cough. She also was positive for dysuria and hematuria, but negative for flank pain. After close examination of her integumentary and musculoskeletal system, the examiner discovered a shiny firm shin on the right lower extremity with +2 edema complemented by severe pain. A set of baseline vitals were also performed revealing a blood pressure of 124/80, pulse of 87 beats per minute, oxygen saturation of 99%, temperature of 97.3 degrees Fahrenheit, and respiration of 12 breaths per minute. The blood and metabolic panel exposed several abnormal labs. A red blood cell count of 3.99, white blood cell count of 22.5, hemoglobin of 10.9, hematocrit of 33.7%, sodium level of 13, potassium level of 3.1, carbon dioxide level of 10, creatinine level of 3.24, glucose level of 200, and a BUN l evel of 33 were the abnormal labs. After a thorough examination, J.P. was diagnosed with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). â€Å"DVT develops most often in the legs but can occur also in the upper arms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Due t... ...diagnoses that cause physical pain, but also problems that can cause emotional, spiritual, and psychosocial trauma. After the implementation of the stated interventions, the patient made physical and emotional progress towards the aforementioned goals. The above goals were not only met, but exceeded expectations of the patient and the nurses who provided care. Works Cited Ackley, B. & Ladwig, G. (2010) Nursing diagnosis handbook:an evidence based guide to planning care. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosbey. Ignatavicius, D. D., & Workman, M. L. (2013). Care of Intraoperative Patients. Medical-surgical nursing: patient-centered collaborative care (7th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. Taylor, C. (2011). Introduction to Nursing. Fundamentals of nursing: the art and science of nursing care (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Symbolism in “Country Lovers”

A Forbidden Love: Thebedi and Paulus Jennifer Boozer ENG 125: Introduction to Literature Instructor: Kristina Stutler March 24, 2013 Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer is a short story centered around the theme of forbidden love between the two main characters Paulus and Thebedi. They met when they were kids, as Thebedi used to work on Paulus' father's farm. They used to sneak out and meet at the river bed. After Paulus went off to veterinary school, Thebedi had his baby.When Paulus came back for the summer he heard of her baby being light skinned and killed it so that no one would ever know that it was his baby. The story's theme of forbidden love is strengthened by Gordimer's use of symbolism, imagery, and local color. Symbolism is a key element contributing to the story's theme. One symbol that repeats itself in Country Lovers is the â€Å"gilt hoop ear-rings† that Paulus gives to Thebedi when they were young (as cited in Clugston, 2010). The earrings are a symbol for their love together.Even after Paulus killed their baby girl, Thebedi still wore them when she accused him of â€Å"pouring liquid into the baby's mouth† (as cited in Clugston, 2010). Even in her hysteric situation, she still wore those earring that Paulus gave to her. She wore them again when they went to trial. This leads me to believe that after all was said and done, she still loved Paulus, even though she knew they could never be together. Another symbol that is relevant to the theme is their baby. Their baby was living proof that they were in love with each other.After seeing the baby with his own eyes, Paulus seemed to have panicked; anyone who looked at this child would know that it was not Njabulo's. Njabulo was Thebedi's husband who was the â€Å"opaque coffee-grounds colour that had always been called black [†¦] the same colour of Thebedi's face† (as cited in Clugston, 2010). They would know that the father of this child was a white man. In their culture, it was socially unacceptable to have interracial relationships. Paulus felt he had to get rid of the baby, and he did. Imagery also contributes to the theme of forbidden love.One day Thebedi and Paulus met at the riverbed. Gordimer noted that the girls that Paulus went to school with would swim in bikinis and they never made him feel like Thebedi did â€Å"when [she] came up the bank and sat beside him, the drops of water beading off her dark legs the only points of light in the earth-smelling deep shade† (as cited in Clugston, 2010). The image of Thebedi, a regular African American girl, making Paulus feel like he had never felt before contributes to the theme of forbidden love. Local color is another literary element that strengthens the theme in Country Lovers.Local color is defined as â€Å"unique images, realistic dialog and true-to-life descriptions to fully portray people and life in the region where the story will occur† (Clugston, 2010, ch 6. 1, para 1). In this story, local color is demonstrated in the first paragraph when Gordimer discusses the relationship between the black and white children changes as they grow up. They play together up until they go to school but then after that, the white children do not play with them anymore â€Å"even in the the holidays† (as cited in Clugston, 2010). The white children are apparently oblivious to how society thinks they should act toward black children.It was not until after they went to school did they learn that they are superior to the black race. It is very important to use different literary elements to strengthen a story so that the reader's attention can be grasped. It is beneficial to the reader when the author uses elements such as symbolism, imagery, and local color because it allows the reader to put his or herself inside the story and feel the forbidden love that Paulus and Thebedi experienced. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into Literature. Retrieved from: https:// content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2/sections/ch00

Using dbExpress in Delphi Database Applications

Using dbExpress in Delphi Database Applications One of the strengths of Delphi is the support for many databases using several data access technologies: the BDE, dbExpress, InterBase Express, ADO, Borland Data Providers for .NET, to name a few. What is dbExpress? One of the data connectivity options in Delphi is dbExpress. In short, dbExpress is a light-weight, extensible, cross-platform, high-performance mechanism for accessing data from SQL servers. dbExpress provides connectivity to databases for the Windows, .NET and Linux (using Kylix) platforms.Initially designed to replace the BDE, dbExpress (introduced in Delphi 6), allows you to access different servers - mySQL, Interbase, Oracle, MS SQL Server, Informix.dbExpress is extensible, in that it is possible for third-party developers to write their own dbExpress drivers for various databases. One of the most significant features of dbExpress lies in the fact that it accesses databases using unidirectional datasets. Unidirectional datasets do not buffer data in memory   such a dataset cannot be displayed in a DBGrid. To build a user interface using dbExpress you will need to use two more components: TDataSetProvider and TClientDataSet. How to Use dbExpress Heres a collection of tutorials and articles on building database applications using dbExpress: dbExpress Draft SpecificationAn early dbExpress specifications draft. Worth a read. Introduction to ClientDataSets and dbExpressA TClientDataset is a part of any dbExpress applications. This paper introduces dbExpress and the power of ClientDataSets to people who have been using the BDE and are afraid to migrate. Additional dbExpress Driver OptionsA list of third-party drivers available for dbExpress Migrating BDE Applications to dbExpressThis PDF goes into extensive detail on issues you may face when migrating applications from BDE components to dbExpress components. It also provides information on performing the migration. Create a Reusable Component to Connect Delphi 7 to DB2 with dbExpressThis article shows you how to use IBM DB2 as the database for applications written with Borland Delphi 7 Studio and dbExpress. Specific topics include how to connect the seven dbExpress components to DB2 and use them to build visual forms on top of database tables.

10 of the top nursing programs in the United States

10 of the top nursing programs in the United States So you want to be a nurse? That’s great! You’ll have to study up and get certified as the first few steps on the exciting journey to come. That’s where a nursing program comes in. We’ve compiled a list of the best places to complete your training. Here’s a list of 10 of the top programs in the United States, in no particular order.1. Columbia University- New York, NYColumbia University School of Nursing offers a unique post-graduate program called the Masters Direct Entry (MDE). This program is for prospective nurses who want to go either the caregiver or the researcher route- MDE students complete curriculum with the goal of earning a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) or a PhD in nursing research. After the 15-month program, graduates can take the NCLEX exam (the standardized nurse licensing exam), and then go on to Columbia Nursing’s DNP program or to pursue a PhD path of study.2. Duke University- Durham, NCDuke’s nursing program is p art of Duke University Medical Center in the middle of an area known as the Research Triangle- where there are more PhDs per square foot than most places in the world! The nursing school offers several different programs, including MS in Nursing, ABSN, and post-doctoral fellowships. And nurses are in high demand in North Carolina, where at least an Associate’s degree is required.3. Azusa Pacific University- Azusa, CAThis is a Christian college in sunny California that offers a diverse, mid-sized student body, and where nursing is the most popular major. Graduates of Azusa who go into nursing earn an average salary of $67,000 per year.4. UCLA- Los Angeles, CAThe UCLA BA in nursing is one of the most competitive fields on campus, so be sure to have your ducks in a row. Though if you’re lucky enough to graduate, you can expect to earn an average of $65,000 per year. They also offer master’s and PhD programs in nursing.5. Villanova University- Villanova, PAGet exper ience with nursing in the big city, while living and studying in the leafy suburbs. The nursing program’s graduates boast an average annual salary of about $63,000, with an 86% on-time graduation rate.6. Johns Hopkins University- Baltimore, MDThis university has a very strong reputation where the medical field is concerned. There’s a world-renowned faculty, plus the opportunity to pursue advanced degrees. You’ll have a great boost to start your nursing career, and your starting salary will average between $56,000 and $73,000 per year.7. George Washington University- Washington, D.C.George Washington’s School of Medical and Health Sciences is a leader in the fields of medical academia and research. And the GW hospital is a renowned medical center and teaching hospital. Graduating from GW with a BS in nursing will net you an average early career salary of $64,000.8. New York University- New York, NYNYU’s College of Nursing is a great choice to prepar e you for the battles ahead in your career. You’ll be taught in their hands-on Clinical Simulation Learning Center, making sure you’re well versed in all the latest practices and research. You can either do a 15-month accelerated program or a traditional four-year degree. Almost all of NYU’s students pass their licensing exams for RN work, and usually earn the highest early career average salary, at about $71,000 per year.9. Molloy College- Rockville Center, NYIf you want a smaller environment with a liberal arts bent and good Catholic values, this might be the place for you. Small class sizes and challenging coursework will help prepare you for your career ahead. The immersive nursing program culminates in a one-on-one practicum. Work towards an LPN or an RN degree. Gain an advanced degree or a specific certification even. And expect to make a highly competitive average salary through your mid-career as a Molloy nursing grad.10. University of Pennsylvania- Phil adelphia, PAHere’s another Ivy League that’s known for its demanding curricula. You can either pursue a BS in Nursing or enter the Hillman Scholars Program in Nursing Innovation to pursue a dual degree program culminating in a PhD. You can expect to make an average of $63,0000 in your early career, then about $87,000 mid-career.

Critical_Thinking and leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical_Thinking and leadership - Essay Example We attempt to work out increasingly more and more advanced strategies, using increasingly more and more modern approaches and methods. Herewith we often overlook that not everything that works in the West, will work in Europe same efficiently and successfully. We have different markets, different management, and other mentality. In Europe we should concentrate on a little bit more simple strategies, because first of all any strategy should be understood by everybody, and in first instance by customers. Therefore let us consider some simple rules, which are effective in dynamic markets because they partially guide actions and yet also enable the flexibility of real-time, improvisational response to meet the demands of a changing environment (Brown & Eisenhardt, 1997; Miner et al., 2001). In January 2001 Harvard Business Review article, "Strategy as Simple Rules," Kathleen Eisenhardt and Donald Sull argued that the secret of success in rapidly shifting markets lies in strategy as simple rules. The authors discover that the success of companies such as Yahoo!, eBay, Google can not be interpreted by using traditional approaches to competitive strategy. There two approaches to competitive strategies that are represented in the literature. The first one is resource based view, which is in conce... They are enable sustainable competitive advantage both in current markets and through leverage into new ones, and superior performance (Amit & Schoemaker, 1993). The second approach is strategic positioning. According to this approach managers of firms strive to occupy a defensible position in their respective industries aiming to reach a sustainable competitive advantage and superior performance (Porter, 1980; 1991). To the extent that this configuration and its related activity systems are difficult, slow or costly to achieve, incumbent firms are secure in their current competitive advantages (Caves & Porter, 1977). It should be mentioned that these approaches are effective enough in a stable market environment. Strategy as simple rules set this competitive advantage in an unpredictable environment full of "sudden-death threats" and "golden opportunities". According to Sull (2005), companies in unpredictable environments compete in their ability to respond to sudden-death threats, or to minimize their potential impact, on the one hand, and on the other one in the ability to seize potential golden opportunities. Instead of using approaches of competitive advantages, the above mentioned companies have excelled at changing in order to act and develop in accordance with the demands of constantly changing environment. These companies preferred not to survive in markets that were previously regarded as difficult, but let their strategies to evolve at every turn. Eisenhardt and Sull (2001) discovered that the most successful companies use key strategic processes in order to identify areas, in which concentration of potential opportunities is the greatest. Simple rules are useful for

American culture has infiltrated and marred China culture Essay

American culture has infiltrated and marred China culture - Essay Example It is much easier for American culture to infiltrate as compared to Chinese culture. Considering that English is the language of communication in America and many other countries across the world, the American culture has a much greater possibility of infiltrating Chinese culture than the vice versa. One impediment to the infiltration of Chinese culture across the word is the language. The Chinese language still has a very small presence across the world and this, therefore, limits the spread of the culture. Similarly, many people are still much reluctant to appreciate and fully accept Chinese culture as part and parcel of their daily operations (Sanvictores, 96). It is indeed true that American culture has infiltrated and marred Chines culture in many parts of the world. As China seeks to create a strong presence especially in the developing world, it encounters a series of challenges in relation to American culture. Part of this cultural hindrance arises out of the common assumption that American culture is superior to most of the other cultures. In this case, people might always want to be associated with this form of culture and not really the Chinese culture (Sanvictores, 56). In addition, America has greatly mastered the art of cleverly spreading its culture and making many people adopt some of the things it deems proper. In China today, many people are greatly trying to adopt the western way of life by learning English and practicing some of the cultural practices realized in America.

The American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

The American Dream - Essay Example Activists like Martin Luther King also called for freedom that was more directed at the black Americans but not the whole America population. The variations listed shows that the dream is somehow different to the people (Kelly 20). Although the American dream is unique and it means different to various individuals, achieving it is completely a hard and demanding task. One of the challenges that make achieving the dream hard is the fact that the opportunities that exist in the country are hidden and they require a combination of knowledge and wisdom to access. Like in an example, there are limited job opportunities that call for high qualifications while majority of the individuals do not meet the requirements (Horswell 43) Again, most of the Americans still have a strong believe that their problems solution lies in the hands of the government and that big businesses will boost their economic growth without personal efforts, thus making it hard to achieve the American dream (Kochan 63). Finally, the American dream tries to inspire hopes and optimism to the American people that are not accompanied by the appropriate resource to achieve. The result of this is that most of the people come up with big dreams forget ting the fact that, to meet these dreams, there are infrastructure needed, resource mobilization and improvement that needs to be put into place. To achieve the improvements, people need to be engaged in well-paying jobs, have quality education and work hard which is not the case in the country (Kelly 21). The small business ventures are the spine of the economy of the U.S because it provides employment for tens of millions of the Americans. The businesses create most of the jobs that people in the U.S are engaged in. It, therefore, gets important for the government to come up with an adequate way of financing and giving credit to the small business to spur manufacturing and the expansion of the businesses (Ringer 80). The nature

Google China Essay Example for Free

Google China Essay Chinese language search engine launched in china in 2006 (pg. 37) Company was private until 2004, Page and Brin decided to conduct a Dutch auction Dutch auction was designed to â€Å"democratize IPO share allocation and afford companies and early investors the best price†( pg. 40) Company 5,680 employees were scattered throughout the world (pg. 41) 2005 positive cash flow of 3. 45 billion (pg. 41) Revenue of $6. 14 billion (pg. 41) Google motto â€Å"don’t be evil† (pg. 42) â€Å"With a population of 1. 6 billion people, China had become an attractive market for many U. S. -based multinationals† Chinese internet controlled through both governmental and censorship (self-Censorship) (pg. 47) Chinese government was able to monitor all foreign internet traffic by routers (URLs) (pg. 47) In 2002, google. com was inaccessible for 2 weeks, it was slow and temperamental for all Chinese users (pg. 53) Google was losing market share to Baidu, yahoo, an Microsoft (pg. 53) Step 3: Write the problem statement. Tom Maclean, the director of International Business for Google Inc. was facing whether to continue google. cn in China or just leave it as google. com, even though google. Would be a slower search engine in china and may not give Google Inc. any profit. Maclean has to address this problem within 24 hours or Google Inc. may lose profits from China. Step 4: State an objective for the manager involved. Short-term objectives: 1. To- Rebuild reputation that was damaged 2. To- maintain both search engines Long-term objectives: 1. To- Google should continue with their mission to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful 2. To – create better methods to make google. cn filter the Chinese information Step 5: Identify and rank order critical issues related to the problem. Here lies the heart of the case; if you miss a critical issue, you miss the opportunity to solve the case to the satisfaction of involved stakeholders. Identify least to most critical. Specify which issue should be addressed first. 1. The damage caused by Google Inc. 2. finding methods in filtering google. cn 3. Google. cn whether it should continue in China, since Google was losing market share to others such as yahoo, Microsoft, and Baidu Step 6: Consider relevant information and underlying assumptions related to the problem. Fact- Chinese government censors search results about â€Å"harmful Material† Fact- China is a great place to obtain investments Assumption- Google. cn would do good Step 7: List possible solutions to the problem. 1. First solution. Google should get rid of Google. cn in china and just let it be google. com Advantages Advantage- don’t have to worry about the censorship and regulations Advantage- all places would have the same search engine Disadvantages Disadvantage- slower search engine Disadvantage- Chinese wouldn’t use it at a search engine Possible Outcomes Best: Google. com would be a good search engine and the Chinese will use it Most Likely: Chinese will not use google. com as there search engine, causing Google to lose money Least Likely: Google. com would be the Chinese search engine 2. Second solution Google will continue on with google. cn in China Advantages Advantage- it would make Google Inc. profit Advantage- Google will rebuild reputation that was damaged Disadvantages Disadvantage- Chinese users would be aware of the filtering but not the exact nature of filtering Disadvantage- everything goes through the Chinese government Possible Outcomes Best: Google. cn will be the best search engine and Google Inc. will rebuild the damaged caused Most Likely: Google. cn will be good and make Google Inc. profit Least Likely: Chinese government won’t get involved in google. cn Step 8: Select the best solution. What should the manager do and why? Support with evidence. Google Inc. should move forward with google. cn and persuade china to lower their regulations and expectations. Step 9: Decide how to implement the solution. Create a plan of action—actions required, time line, resources, personnel, impact on the organization, measurement of results. Tom Maclean should implement the solution in the meeting he is going to have, let them know that google. cn will continue to work in China but it will be more organized and need the Chinese government to lower their expectations. Step 10: Explain how to communicate the solution. How to communicate the message and to whom. Consider the needs of your target audience and the needs of stakeholders. Think about timing as well. He should communicate the message through a press conference, within the next day of his decision.

CSR For Nestle And MTN

CSR For Nestle And MTN Nestle (a high-income company) and MTN (a low-income company) have different approaches regarding CSR. This report will describe and evaluate those approaches. Introduction This is a brief description of each company highlighting some facts concerning their development. Section one Identifies the different types of stakeholders that the company should consider while mapping its local/global activities. Using the Stakeholder Saliency Model, allocates those stakeholders for both companies, taking into account two things: who has the most/least power in steering the companys decisions and whether or not this stakeholder is interested in CSR initiatives. Two differences have been identified: Nestle: firstly, host governments in developing countries are Dangerous Stakeholders and do not show much interest in CSR; secondly, social organizations, NGOs and the media are Dangerous Stakeholders and in favour of CSR. MTN: firstly, host governments in developing countries are Dominant and show interest in CSR; secondly, social organizations such as NGOs and the media are Demanding and in favour of CSR. The reasons behind this include: Host government in developing countries: corrupt government may find the high-income corporation (Nestle) an enticing opportunity to seize unlike MTN. Moreover, MTN which originated in a developing country, has a great deal of experience with such governments. Social Organization: MTN does not have a negative direct impact on peoples lives, unlike Nestle. Also MTN is not recognized globally while Nestle is since MTN operates only in developing countries while Nestle operates globally. Section two In this section the report answers the following: whether CSR initiatives adopted by both companies increased/decreased over time, and also who was behind the changes and why they occurred. It was found that both companies have increased their CSR initiatives especially in the globalization era for Nestle, and particularly since the 1970s as many social organizations emerged and FDI occurred in that period. Section three The report shows how authors classify the stakeholders perspective in different ways: some classify them according to the local economic situation; others in a developing countrys context; others classify the social and environmental issues depending on regions. A Ponte et al typology using four approaches (engaged/disengaged, proximate/distant) is applied to the above classifications. An analysis was made with the following results: There are many perspectives which support CSR initiatives and argue that those initiatives are good for business, especially the engaged approaches, and they support their argument with evidence. They are also good for society whether the approaches are engaged or disengaged. At the other end of the spectrum, there are many who do not agree with the benefits brought by CSR initiatives and believe it is bad for business and useless for society. II. Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyse, compare and contrast the socially responsible approach of two multinational companies (Nestle and MTN). This will be approached in the following order: firstly, a brief description for each company will be provided; secondly, the report will allocate the stakeholders using the stakeholder saliency model for each company showing the similarities and differences. This will be followed by a brief description regarding the changes of CSR approach for both companies and the reasons for these changes. The third section includes a critical analysis of both approaches using Ponte et al typology and two contrasting viewpoints. Finally, a conclusion sums up the findings showing the future of CSR for both companies. III. Brief History with some facts regarding CSR, Nestle  [1]  , It was in the 1860s when a pharmacist Henri Nestle developed a food formula for those infants who experienced problems in breastfeeding. This welcome innovation from Nestle is now sold all over the world (Nestle History, 2009). Some facts about the company include: 1905-to date: Healthy growth in general with some periods of struggle with a lot of mergers and acquisitions, one of the most important being with Movenpick Ice Cream. 1970s-1980s: Heavy attacks from social organizations and individuals for the unethical marketing activities encouraging mothers in the developing world to use its products instead of breastfeeding. (Douglas,1986) 1998 Nestlà © Corporate Business Principles was produced and updated to include the principles of the UN Secretary Generals Global Compact: Labour Standard, Human rights, the Environment (Nestle report, 2001) Creating the Shared Value scheme for a healthier world in the 21st century. (CSV mission, 2009) MTN Group  [2]  , Founded in 1994, MTN Group is a telecommunication company; it services in 21 countries across Africa and the Middle East. (MTN Report 1 and 2, 2009). 2007: MTN was the best tax payer for the year ending 2005/2006 in many African countries.(MTN History, 2007) 2007: Established the Corporate Social Responsibility Foundation. .(MTN History, 2007) 2009: According to management consulting firm Oliver Waymans annual State of the Industry report, MTN achieved the fourth place among the top 60 global performers in terms of its shareholder performance index (SPI) at the end of 2008 with total revenue of 102,526 million rand  [3]  , (MTN Report 1and 2, 2009 ). IV. Section one: Corporate social responsibility: CSR is the commitment by the company to behave ethically with its stakeholders and to fulfil all obligations of minimizing any harm and maximizing the benefits for society, humanity and the environment and that includes commitments by companies to contribute to social development and enhance the standard of peoples lives  [4]  . Stake holder Identification: According to many authors Mercier (1999), Freeman (1984), Donaldson and Preston (1995), stakeholders are usually all those groups or individuals that may affect or be affected by the organizations daily working process, and also include all those who could have shares or interests in the same organization (Cited in Perqueux, 2004.P:6). From the definition given above it could be interpreted that organizations should classify their stakeholders interests and power in a way that brings satisfaction because they will be assessed and evaluated by them in the future, and that what Rossouw and Sison (2006, p41) argued for when they described the corporations as a nation state is that they must be honest with its citizens otherwise they will be overthrown. From the two definitions mentioned above and by using the Stakeholder Saliency Model, this report will now show two things at the same time. The first is to show who stakeholder has the most or least effect in mapping the business activities, and second to what extent this allocated stakeholder is CSR driver for both companies showing the similarities and differences. An explanation for these will be provided. Nestle Power Discretionary Stakeholder: other inter-national institutions e.g. IMF, World Bank Dominant Stakeholder. Dangerous Stakeholder: Governments in developing countries, social organizations, NGOs, media. Demanding Stakeholder: people Definitive Stakeholder: Main Shareholders Dormant Stakeholder: Shareholders (Minority interest) Depending Stakeholder Legitimacy Urgency MTN Power Discretionary Stakeholder: other Inter-national Institutions such as IMF, World Bank Dominant Stakeholder: Government in developing countries Dormant Stakeholder: Shareholders (Minority interest) Demanding Stakeholder: Social organizations, NGOs, media. Dangerous Stakeholder Definitive Stakeholder: Main Shareholders Depending Stakeholder Legitimacy Urgency . The main similarities: Main Shareholders (Definitive Stakeholders with fake CSR ): As they supply the organization with the funds needed to build up capital, thus they have the right to vote, control and change the corporate structure if required, Mantyssari (2005), and that would have a substantial influence in mapping the companys business activities and other activities related to CSR. The following example shows how Nestles first priority is its shareholders and how Nestle manipulates the CSR approach. This happened when it announced the intention to transform Nestle into the worlds leading wellness organization to promote healthy eating by people through providing functional food instead of its ordinary range, spending SFr 2 billion on research and development in 2008. However, many experts point out that there is no substantial evidence that eating functional food makes people healthier. Lausanne and Vevey (The Economist, 2009. p39-95) indicate also to the reasons behind that by showing that in America the growth of functional foods between 2002-2007 was 15.8% a year while ordinary foods was only 2.9% suggesting profit was the main driver nothing else. The same is applicable in MTN regarding definitive shareholders, especially when looking closely at their annual report (2008 p172), showing the percentage of share capital, equal to 25%, was owned only by 8 shareholders, so this group of 8 has the majority portion of power to direct the company activities in the way they prefer, which is making profits. Minority interest Shareholders (Dormant Stakeholders with no effects on CSR): they do not have the enough power to steer the company in the responsible direction nether on its policy IMF, World Bank, WTO (Discretionary Stakeholders with a neutral position regarding CSR): through their regulation and requirements and conditionality they open new routes for investing. However, that does not oblige the MNCs to invest nor to participate in social responsibility initiatives. The main differences: Host governments in developing countries are Dangerous Stakeholders and do not show too much interest in CSR for Nestle, while they are Dominant and show interest in CSR for MTN) Jones (2005, p:9) pointed out that host governments use a lot of subsidies to attract foreign organizations, such as low custom tariffs or free capital movement in order to overcome difficulties (poverty, diseases, deathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Applying this to the selected companies: Nestle: this type of stakeholder should be allocated under Dangerous for many reasons. Nestle lacks experience in dealing with developing governments policies. Another reason is that kleptocratic government may find the high-income corporation (Nestle) an enticing opportunity to seize. For example: the BBC announced in December 2002 that Nestle was trying to persuade the Ethiopian government to pay USD 6 million instead of 1.5 million as compensation for nationalizing one of its subsidiaries in Ethiopia. This example shows how the Ethiopian government took possession of Nestlà ©s subsidiary without any previous notice or consultation. MTN: originally from SA, and all of its investments are located in Africa and the ME (developing countries). It has a great deal of experience with such governments so do not need to put it under Dangerous stakeholders unlike Nestle. But even though MTN has put governments under the Dominant category MTN has to comply with the King codes in South Africa  [5]  which include very strict rules regarding CSR initiatives in order be listed in JSE securities exchange and to be accepted by the government and society. (Institute of Directors in South Africa, 2009) Social organizations, NGOs, Media are Dangerous Stakeholders and in favour of CSR for Nestle, while Demanding and in favour of CSR for MTN: Nestle: Because of the nature of the business of Nestle (covering world-wide and working in the field of nutrition), it may be found that a lot of social organizations along with the media always attack it aggressively, especially if they discover the unethical approach of its social responsibility, pushing it to make more and more effort in the field of CSR. For example: the General Synod of the Church of England called for a ban on Nestle and asked Church commissioners to disinvest their GBP 1.1 million in it. Moreover in 1974 the British charity War on Want released a leaflet The Baby Killer criticising Nestle for the bad effects of its marketing strategies in Africa. (Kotler et al. 2009) MTN: However, there are many examples showing MTN has a good reputation among those organizations who praise its efforts to serve the people and bring prosperity to society. For example, South Africa media (South Africa info, 2008) praised MTN when it declared its intention, along with other operators, to establish a fibre network across the Sub Saharan centres in an effort to meet the soaring needs of their subscribers and connect the African continent with the rest of the world. The reason for this approval is because MTN does not have a negative direct impact on peoples lives, unlike Nestle. Also MTN is not recognized globally as Nestle is since it operates only in developing countries. V. Section two: This report will now answer the following question which way is the CSR changing and what are the main causes for this? In 1869 Henri Nestle said: During the first few months, the mothers milk will always be the most natural nutriment, put promoted Nestle products as a substitute. However, in 2007 Nestle stated that Nothing is a substitute for or equivalent or superior to breast milk Kotler et al. (2009). These two statements raise two questions: the first one is Did Nestle admit the guiltiness about its previous promotion?; secondly, If yes, then who was behind it? Actually to answer these questions, we have to consider that through Nestle growth, a lot of pressure and outside forces have pushed the company to change its attitude towards satisfying its stakeholders and make responsible efforts rather than only profit. Blowfield and Murray (2008, p:41-66) claim that the relationship between business and society changed through three eras: the industrial revolution, the mid-twentieth-century welfare state and globalization. Furthermore, through these eras there was a shift in corporate social responsibility, from a theoretical concerned with normative behaviour of the organization, to CSR as management practice, especially in the 1970s. Ackerman and Bauers (1976 cited in Blowfield et al, 2008) argue also that what a company can do to respond to social expectation rather than theoretical ideas of what it should do is what matters. This is reflected in public confidence over the years (see Appendix 1) which suggests public confidence began to incre ase in the late 1970s with a slight decrease in 1991. (Source: Frederick 2006) In relation to the two companies in this study, it may be that Nestle actually took into consideration social responsibility after the harsh boycott in the 1970s when it learnt a lot from that lesson and started to increase its commitment to society and allocated social organizations and media as dangerous stakeholders. MTN is a relatively new company established only in the 1990s, which could be viewed as the globalization era so has a high standard of CSR knowledge (King I, II, III code). Thus, it could be concluded that there was an increase in CSR initiatives owing to greater awareness among stakeholders, especially over the last three decades, and that increase was related directly to globalization and its characteristics such as free trade, rises in FDI in developing countries, soaring demands of the media and the NGOs. VI. Section Three: This section will be divided into three parts: Analysis of the different stakeholders perspective approaches, Depending on the outcome of the first part, the report will use Ponte et al typology to allocate the approach of both companies. A further analysis of these approaches will be conducted using two contrasting viewpoints. Many authors classify the stakeholders perspective in different ways. Some classify them according to the local economic situation such as Cannon (1994) by giving five types of societies which need different reactions from the business to help the economy out of the crisis: the high-stress environment (suffering from long time economic downturn), structurally disadvantaged areas (business in remote areas), the crisis zone, the transitional zone (change of the importance of industry in same area), and the powerhouse industry that used to drive the main local growth and now facing high competition from others. Other authors such as Hamann et al (2005) explore the stakeholders perspective in a developing countrys context when they pointed out some realities to be considered in achieving a successful CSR in South Africa: first, a long history of poverty and inequality: second, the need for effective CSR to destroy the bad image of exploitation and racism created by companies over a long period in those countries; third, the suppression of black economic empowerment which mostly comes from corruption: fourth, the need to enhance social aspects such as human rights and democracy. Others classify the social and environmental issues depending on the regions, showing the different CSR requirements among countries and they emphasise that each region needs its own CSR initiatives. For example, the USA needs to address renewed calls for nuclear power and to deal with air pollution, while some African countries need more concentration in improving the infrastructure and solving the conflicts between tribes and governments (PWC, 2006; Ethical Corporation, 2006 cited in Blowfield Murray,2008) (see appendix 2 for more details). Using the above mentioned methods, now Ponte et al typology can be used to allocate initiative approaches used by Nestle and MTN: Company Engaged CSR activities the factory and farmer scheme in China which has direct impact on company operations since it eliminates the suppliers and at the same time gives the farmers technical support. (Nestle China, 2009) Disengaged CSR initiatives: Nestle Nigeria along with the Red Cross started an initiative, an educational programme in 2003 to increase the awareness of HIV among people in Nigeria (Nestle Nigeria, 2009) Distant CSR activities the factory and farmer example in China, because the farmers are not one of Nestlà ©s workforces they are a separate entity and might be paid low prices for their milk supply. (Nestle China, 2009) Proximate CSR activities: Nestle creates job opportunities. It has now more than 265,000 employees worldwide from 100 different countries. (Nestle, 2009) Engaged and Proximate: the EcoShape bottle produced by Nestle North America in 2007. This example could be regarded as an engaged activity since it reduces the bad effects on the environment (will reduce the CO2 emission by 356,000 tons within three years) and at the same time it is proximate because it is closely related to the company operations (since it impacts on the environment in the same location as its operations). (Nestle America, 2009) -Engaged CSR activities: the Environmental Management System is one of MTNs policies to reduce the production waste by recycling and encouraging the employees to act socially responsible. (MTN Environmental Policy, 2009) Disengaged CSR initiatives: Arts and Aids awareness educational program for communities, conducted by the MTN foundation and regarded as a totally disengaged scheme carried out by MTN. (MTN SA foundation, 2009) Distant CSR activities: No distant CSR initiatives found. -Proximate CSR activities: the Arts and Aids awareness educational program could be regarded as a proximate CSR scheme since MTN originally operated in Africa and the Middle East. (MTN SA foundation, 2009) Engaged and Proximate: the 21 days of Yello care started in 2007. This scheme of 21 days gives the opportunity for MTNs employees to directly engage with the CSR initiatives programme with a prize as a reward at the end of this scheme for the best team. One team was rewarded for building a small pedestrian bridge. (MTN Yello, 2009) Now, the report will analyse the Ponte et al typology mentioned above showing two contrasting viewpoints: In favour of CSR: Good for business when (Engaged whether Proximate or Distant): Porter and Kramer (2006, p:83) indicate that working in a healthy society will keep the company healthy (health care for the workforce) and also supply it with a competitive advantage (efficient use of resources: water, land) and all of these will be achieved by Integrating Business and Society through CSR activities. Other authors praise the role of CSR in marketing and this could be applied in bringing a bright image to the company and to some extent increase its sales Hardeep and Sharma (2006). For example, Ogrizek (2002) said: There are clear and concrete market-driven benefits and competitive advantages for companies, which integrate their business policies with CSR. In respect of the two companies in question there are a lot of initiative approaches for both companies from their websites which all could be regarded as marketing tools and green sheen attempts (the new brand of Nestle: Nescafe Green blend). Good for society when (Engaged whether Proximate or Distant): advocators of this model argue that governments in the developing countries on their own cannot meet the increasing demands of the society and development requirements and this is actually what Samuel et al (2009.p394) found when they conducted research in Nigeria showing how CSR initiatives being carried out by 22 organizations complement government efforts to build up a stable economy. Furthermore, this perspective is also supported by the neo-liberalism theory in which many authors stress that only business and free markets can sustain the individual rights, society and the environment (Burchell, 1996, Barry et al 1996, Peter and Olssen 2002 cited in Zajda, 2009 p:15). No one could deny that Nestle creates job opportunities for 265,000 employees worldwide from 100 different countries and also that MTN donated about 1.5 Rand million to buy clothes with the help of the Red Cross in South Africa in response to attacks by f oreign nationals in 2008 (MTN SA foundation, 2009). At the economy level, The Economist (1999) emphasized the contribution of MTN as a mobile company in bringing the poor and isolated into the global economy. Opposed to CSR: Bad for business when (Disengaged): advocators for this approach are usually those who argue in favour of shareholder interests and indicate that the main objective of any company is only to maximize the shareholders value and minimize any kind of expense. That becomes very clear when Lawrence (1999) describes how the company should create a value management system in five steps in order to achieve the shareholder value, neglecting any component related to non-profit activities because it just an expense. Also, as mentioned earlier in this report, Mantyssari (2005) describes the shareholders as the heart of the business who supply it with the funds needed for the daily operations, so managers have to keep them satisfied by a high level of yield. Furthermore, some say that CSR is not only waste of money but also it distracts the managers from focusing on their real duties since effective CSR, which is not only a charity cheque, needs special talent and efforts, and that is also emphasized by Porter and Kramer (2006, p:91) when they argue that organizational adjustment that matches good CSR initiatives is what matters more than kind intentions. Useless for society and development (Criticizing all Ponte et al approaches): many protestors criticise the effects caused by MNCs activities all over the world since their negative effects outweigh their CSR initiatives. They think whatever the companies do for the societies is only a green sheen. For instance, Nestle is proud of itself, saying it always provides work opportunities for people, indicated that 97% of their workforces are distributed all over the world The Economist (1997.p153). However, for Corpwatch (2005) the truth is it exploits the workers in an awful manner and Corpwatch complained that 286,000 children work as slaves in the Ivory Coasts cocoa farms (90 hours a week with very low wages) and point out that Nestle is the third largest importer of cocoa from the Ivory Coast. Also it could be argued from bad for business angle as there is general agreement that if CSR is not focused and organized it will often come to nothing or may sometimes have harmful results. VII. Conclusion: From this report, a lot of findings can be drawn by analysing the corporate social responsibility approaches for Nestle and MTN. This report started by showing the importance of the different types of stakeholders that try to steer the companys activities in the way they desire, whether in a business or CSR approach. Using the Stakeholders Saliency Model these stakeholders have been allocated and two major differences were found. The first one is, Governments in developing countries where Nestle operate should be put under Dangerous stakeholder since they lack experience in dealing with such governments and the high-income corporation could also be seen an enticing opportunity to be seized. However, MTN (a low-income company) is the opposite case since it originated in such an environment. The other main difference between them is the danger of social organizations for Nestle such as NGOs and the media since it works globally and works in the field of nutrition, hiring people from po or countries, so may be targeted by such institutions. In contrast, MTN does not have a direct impact on peoples lives and is not recognized globally like Nestle since it operates only in developing countries. The report then analysed and evaluated the CSR approaches for both companies using Ponte et al typology to allocate them in four dimensions, engaged/disengaged, distant/proximate. It was found Nestle and MTN use all of them except for MTN which did not use distant CSR initiatives. The report attempted to answer the question which stakeholders were satisfied and which were not, no matter what type of approach was adopted, by contrasting two points of view (with and against CSR) and arguing them in four different aspects. Through the analysis of the aspect Useless for society, it was found some organizations and institutions are still not satisfied by the CSR initiatives and need deeper indicators, going beyond the basics and taking into account the real influences on the surroundings. Regarding the future of CSR, some authors such as Murray and Blowfield (2008, p:365-369) emphasised that the context analysis such as the mega trends (climate change, demographic change, poverty) will be no less important than simply examining the CSR approaches taken by the company.